Mental Health free essay sample

Mental health is all about how we think, feel and behave. It refers to our cognitive, and/or our emotional wellbeing. It describes a sense of wellbeing. Mental health ‘problems’ or ‘difficulties’ are terms used to describe temporary reactions to a painful event, stress, or systems of drug or alcohol use, lack of sleep or physical illness. It can also be used to describe long-term psychiatric conditions, which may have significant effects on an individual’s functioning. Some of the most common mental health problems are; anxiety, depression, psychosis, mania, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, OCD. A qualified clinician should only diagnose such conditions. Anxiety and depression feature as the two most common reasons for people to consult their doctor. There are two sides of mental health, which we all may experience. One side is relatively mild anxieties and frustration associated with everyday life, the other side is having severe problems affecting mood and the ability to think and communicate rationally. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay will discuss three mental illnesses: Schizophrenia, Munchausen Syndrome and Bipolar Disorder. It includes the sign and symptoms, cause, the affect on an individual, possible treatments and their strength and weaknesses. I choose schizophrenia and bipolar disorder because their one of the most common serious mental disorders (illnesses). And third I chose for Munchausen Syndrome because as a serious mental disorder it is also very interesting, which researchers are still trying to figure out the cause for someone to desire playing the sick role that they develop Munchausen syndrome. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder and it is a very complex illness. Whether or not schizophrenia is a single disorder or a group of related illnesses has yet to be fully determined. It usually appears for the first time in a person during their (late) teens or their twenties. It affects more men than women and is considered as a life-long condition that rarely is cured, but treated. People with schizophrenia often have a different idea of what is real and what is not. This can cause problems with behaviour, thinking, emotions and motivation. The sufferers have thoughts that appear fragmented and find it hard to process information. Schizophrenia can have negative or positive symptoms. Positive symptoms include delusions, thought disorders and hallucinations. Negative symptoms include withdrawal, lack of motivation, poor personal hygiene and a flat or inappropriate mood. Other symptoms include hearing voices, paranoid thoughts, agitated or bizarre behaviour and extreme emotional states. The exact cause of schizophrenia is still unknown, although there are many things that have influence on the condition. According to scientist, both life experiences and the biology of the brain and body play an important role. Schizophrenia is partly genetic, which passes within families, and can also be triggered by a trauma. This illness changes the person’s life and makes it hard to have healthy relationships and communicate with people. Schizophrenia is usually treated by medication, which affect the brain, and by training people with psychotherapy to understand their thoughts and behaviour. There is no cure for the illness, and while medication helps control the psychosis, delusions and hallucinations, it cannot help a person learn to be effective in social relationships, coping skills and help learn to communicate with others. Following the medications is also one of the largest problems because people who live with this disorder often go off of their medication. Therefore the person depends on life-long treatment of both drugs and psychosocial, support therapies. About one out of every ten people with schizophrenia commits suicide. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, causes serious shifts in mood, energy, thinking, and behaviour and goes from the highs of mania on one extreme, to the lows of depression on the other. Mania is when a person’s brain goes into a high energy state. Everyone has off and on days but the cycles of bipolar disorder last for days, weeks or months. Unlike ordinary mood swings, the mood changes of bipolar disorder are so intense that they interfere with your ability to function. During a manic episode a person might impulsively quit a job, spend huge amounts of money or feel rested after sleeping two hours. During a depressive episode, the same person might be too tired to get out of bed and might experience a feeling of self-loathing and hopelessness. Although the causes of bipolar disorder aren’t completely clear, it is known that it often runs in families. Problems with chemicals in the brain that help control moods may play a role. It can change the person’s life drastically. The first symptoms usually occur in the teenage years or early adulthood. The symptoms include sadness, feeling of worthlessness; changes in sleep changes in eating, anhedonia and suicidal behaviour. The symptoms vary widely in their pattern, severity, and frequency. Some people are more prone to either mania or depression, while others stay equally cycling between the two types of episodes. The symptoms of bipolar disorder can be treated but there is no known cure. Although long term counselling is a very important part of the treatment, it can often be very challenging. It is hard for people with this disorder to have a good relationship with the therapist/counsellor. There are medications that can help treat the depression or help control moods. The return of symptoms is a common problem, which is called relapse. The treatment can be very hard, and it can take years to get better, but if treated well, most people improve over time. Munchausen Syndrome Munchausen syndrome is a serious mental disorder in which someone with a deep need for attention, pretends to be sick or gets sick or injured on purpose. People with Munchausen syndrome usually make up symptoms, push for risky operations, or try to manipulate laboratory test results to win sympathy and concern. Munchausen syndrome belongs to a group of conditions called factitious disorders, that are either made up or self caused on purpose. Symptoms of Munchausen syndrome revolve around faking or producing illness or injury in order to get attention for the emotional needs. People with Munchausen do everything to avoid getting caught in their deception, that’s why it’s difficult to notice that their symptoms are actually part of a serious mental disorder. Some symptoms are dramatic stories about numerous medical problems, frequent hospitalizations, vague or inconsistent symptoms, and eagerness to undergo frequent testing or risky operations. To this day there’s little evidence that biology or genetics plays a role in Munchausen syndrome. Researchers are still searching for a cause. There are some risk factors, including childhood trauma, such as emotional, physical or sexual abuse, or a serious illness during childhood, a relative with a serious illness, or personality disorders. Munchausen syndrome affects people strongly. They have such deep emotional needs that they’re willing to risk their lives to be seen as ill. Treating Munchausen is often difficult and there are no standard therapies for the condition. This is because people with Munchausen often want to be in the sick role, so they’re unwilling to seek treatment. If treated, the treatment often focuses on managing the condition, rather than trying to cure it. Treatment includes psychotherapy and behaviour counselling. It’s very hard to treat if the patient keeps making up symptoms. People with Munchausen don’t fake illnesses to achieve a benefit such as finance, but for the attention. In conclusion you could say that mental illnesses can take many forms, just as physical illnesses do. They are feared and misunderstood by many people, but the fear disappears as people learn more about them. It is said that everyone suffers from a kind of schizophrenia, but luckily not in the extreme way. Thanks to medication it can make life of the sufferer and his/her family easier. Bipolar disorder is also one of the common disorders with good treatments if followed. Munchausen is a rare mental illness, but just as serious, with unfortunately not enough treatment.

Free Essays on Mimi

Mimi My Mimi always was, and always will be arguably the greatest woman that I have ever met. I can’t begin to explain how much she meant to everyone she met. To me she was much more than a Grandmother; she was a best friend. I could trust her with anything. I always seemed to fit into the outcast of the family role pretty well. I mean I knew my family loved me but we weren’t quite the same, or even similar for that matter. Mimi always seemed to change that. When she was around I always felt accepted; she always made sure I knew that I really meant something to somebody, and I will never forget that. She was without a doubt the one thing holding my family together. I remember the morning so clearly it’s painful. It was a beautiful morning on Cape Cod. My family was on vacation with some old family friends the Gattoni’s. We were all sitting down enjoying each others company as Kathy (Mrs Gattoni) was making pancakes. I myself was sitting on one of their tall bar stools talking to my good friend Ryan. I remember specifically looking at the clock it said 9:13 in bright green letters. As I turned away through the giant picture window looking out onto the drive way I noticed my Dad pulling in. He had gone to work the day before and was expected to come down in the early afternoon. Suddenly I got a strange feeling but I quickly brushed it away. As he entered the front door the first thing I noticed was the obvious uneasy feeling in his walk, I chalked it up to a late night and an even earlier morning, but for some reason I kept my eye on him just the same. Everyone said their hellos and the more he talked the more I forgot about the un usual way my Dad held himself on this particular day. The next thing I knew my Mom and Dad were coming out of the living room. It wasn’t until this moment that I was sure something was definitely very wrong. My mom of course being the extremely emotional type I can always read the emotions... Free Essays on Mimi Free Essays on Mimi Mimi My Mimi always was, and always will be arguably the greatest woman that I have ever met. I can’t begin to explain how much she meant to everyone she met. To me she was much more than a Grandmother; she was a best friend. I could trust her with anything. I always seemed to fit into the outcast of the family role pretty well. I mean I knew my family loved me but we weren’t quite the same, or even similar for that matter. Mimi always seemed to change that. When she was around I always felt accepted; she always made sure I knew that I really meant something to somebody, and I will never forget that. She was without a doubt the one thing holding my family together. I remember the morning so clearly it’s painful. It was a beautiful morning on Cape Cod. My family was on vacation with some old family friends the Gattoni’s. We were all sitting down enjoying each others company as Kathy (Mrs Gattoni) was making pancakes. I myself was sitting on one of their tall bar stools talking to my good friend Ryan. I remember specifically looking at the clock it said 9:13 in bright green letters. As I turned away through the giant picture window looking out onto the drive way I noticed my Dad pulling in. He had gone to work the day before and was expected to come down in the early afternoon. Suddenly I got a strange feeling but I quickly brushed it away. As he entered the front door the first thing I noticed was the obvious uneasy feeling in his walk, I chalked it up to a late night and an even earlier morning, but for some reason I kept my eye on him just the same. Everyone said their hellos and the more he talked the more I forgot about the un usual way my Dad held himself on this particular day. The next thing I knew my Mom and Dad were coming out of the living room. It wasn’t until this moment that I was sure something was definitely very wrong. My mom of course being the extremely emotional type I can always read the emotions...

Law ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Law ethics - Essay Example A business involves financial and non-financial costs. Labour and equipment are financial costs that any business entails. On the other hand, an ethical business also incurs non-financial costs of environmental impacts like noise. Thus, such ethical businesses also strive to minimize non-financial costs by taking up the responsibility of causing little or no harm to the people and environment (Kreng 11). The case of product default as explained to me by Doug is of great concern to the general public, and even the employees at Green Moves. The products of the company have to be environmental friendly. I fully understand as a new employee that I should abide by the policies of this given company. However, my position should not be compromised by intimidation. In business, ethical responsibilities include actions and activities that are certainly not systemized in the law, and do not directly serve the company’s economic needs. The moral incentives that guide the business are ass ociated with doing the right things and prevent any harm without any external force or legal restraints. Every organization should have the responsibility of taking part in society in a cooperative manner. Business people recognize their self-presence in the society based on the fact that, business and societies go hand in hand. Business cannot progress without society and society cannot move ahead without business. Hence, every company must realize the presence of the society, which will in turn be important in increasing demand for amorally responsible business. For being ethical, organizations need to have good decision makers who perform their duties with justice, equality, fairness, neutrality, and value the rights of other people. Ethical behaviour requires the organization to treat individuals with fairness in their dealings relevant to the goals and objectives of the organization. Immoral and unethical actions take place when a decision leads a person or firm to benefit at t he cost of another person or the society as one. Ethical responsibilities comprise of those practices and actions that are prohibited by the society even if the law has not stated it. It represents the standards, norms and criterion that invoke a thought of concern for the customers, employees, shareholders, and all stakeholders including the community. Therefore, ethical responsibility should be carried out in line with the desired ethical standards and the expectation of the societal customs and values. It is also important to accept and acknowledge the new, dynamic and developing ethical norms and values that have been adopted in modern societies today. However, companies should not in any way use the ethical norms to achieve their own goals. Ethical standards should not be negotiated or compromised in any way for the achievement of corporate goals (Kreng 45). Organizations also need to ensure they do not cause greater damage to the environment they are operating in, as well as e mploy strategies for minimizing any sort of damage to the societies. This is referred to as the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), with many of the businesses today adopting its use in achieving their long term goals. Henceforth, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be best defined as a business obligation to contribute towards prolonged economic development, operating with workers, their families, the immediate communities, and society as

Why Employees Resist Organizational Change Essay

Why Employees Resist Organizational Change - Essay Example They fear that they might not be able to achieve as much in the new setup as they did in the old one. 2. In order to accept the change and work according to it, people need to come out of their comfort zone that they have developed in the old setting. Most people would not do that happily, and would thus resist change. 3. The change may not always bring benefits to every individual that forms part of the organization. In such cases, people whose positions are being negatively affected by the implementation of the change tend to consider it disruptive and totally unnecessary. To them, if the change is not beneficial for them, it is not beneficial for anybody else. In fact, such employees do not see things in the bigger picture. 5. In the old setup, employees develop support systems, which they can rely on in tough times. If the work environment is changes, they may lose their support systems and be exposed to more challenges. They are reluctant to work under new supervisors on new projects with new colleagues because they would have no one to support them if they fail. 6. Many employees tend to have closed minds after they have made their mind. The facts and figures of the supporting documentation pertaining to the change confuse these employees. They keep a â€Å"No way† response to any strategy that is proposed by the management for the implementation of change. 7. Employees are tentative to give a try to the new work routines and are unwilling to learn new things. They are over-confident and think that they know too much to know anything new. Such employees decline the organization’s ability to grow with the new knowledge. Their personal growth is also restricted by their stubbornness. 9. Change is unfamiliar, so it is resisted. No more than 66.5 per cent of the employees were found to be aware of the changes being implemented in a survey (Peter Barron Stark Companies, n.d.). Their lack of sufficient

The effective usage of HRM principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The effective usage of HRM principles - Essay Example The importance of HRM has already been recognised by virtually any company which follows western standards of business. It is clear that its performance depends not only on hard and attenuating work of its personnel, but also on the "human side" of the employees, their competence, motivation, attitudes, communication and other variables: "HRM is the core of company's general efficiency and the basis for effective management" (Gunnigle et al, 2002: 12). In a similar vein Beardwell (2003: 15) believes that despite the visible simplicity, the area of HRM is exceptionally complex due to potentially unpredictable nature of human resources. If a company fails to properly and effectively manage its human resources in the right areas of the business, at the right time and at the right cost, serious inefficiencies are likely to arise creating considerable operational difficulties and likely business failure (Beardwell, 2003). Originally emerged in 1960s, the paradigm of HRM relied, however, on previous researches and findings of organizational scientists. As Alan Price (2000: 62) states the concept of HRM "...hasn't come out of nowhere" as there is a long history of attempts to achieve an understanding of human behaviour in the workplace. Throughout the whole XX century and even earlier both practitioners and scholars attempted to design the theories explaining human behaviour at work and the ways to raise its effectiveness. A number of organizational theories brought to life the principles of HRM in 1960s-1970s. Though many of modern HRM principles have been already developed by this time, the year of HRM "official birth" is 1981 when Harvard Business School introduced a course that served a blueprint for global spread of human resource planning and management (Price, 2000: 64). A good insight into the value of HR related programs is provided by Schuler (1990: 52-54). He emphasizes that the HR function had an opportunity to shift from being an "employee advocate" (associated with personnel management) to a "member of the management team". Schuler's (1990) view was that this required HR professionals to be concerned with the bottom line, profits, organizational effectiveness and business survival. In other words, human resource issues should be addressed as business issues. It is noteworthy that emergence of HRM chimed with decay of heavy industry and development of sophisticated IT business. Storey (2001: 18-34) believes that emergence of HRM contributed greatly to an ever-greatest since industrial revolution shift in the principles of management. HRM encouraged both managers and employees to get rid of traditional patterns of interaction, outdated ideas of motivation, stereotypes, assessment and appraisal. Managers as well stop being the mentors and executioners and turned to be the members of business teams. Introduction of HRM principle has made modern companies more competitive, dynamic and people-friendly that consequently influenced their efficiency and marketability. Storey (2001: 18) argues that HRM caused what was later called "a new managerialism" - a new look on organization, the ways it functions and succeeds and the way its employees work. Regardless of global recognition of HRM, many managers are still

Research Paradigms and Concepts of Ontology and Epistemology

Research Paradigms and Concepts of Ontology and Epistemology Chapter 2: Research Methodology This chapter of our thesis will illustrate the methodology that was undertaken in order to conduct our research. This chapter is further divided into two sections. In 1st section of the chapter we will discuss theoretical methodology. It includes research philosophy, research approach and research strategy. In 2nd section of the chapter we will discuss practical methodology. It includes choice of the subject, preconception, perspective, literature, data collection and sampling of methods. Here we will not only describe the methods that are opted during our research process but also try to explain and justify why they are preferred over the alternatives methods that are available. 2.1: Theoretical methodology 2.1.1 Research philosophy During a business research it is imperative to think about different research paradigms and theme of ontology and epistemology. These research paradigms represent a parameter that controls the research carry out from research design to the conclusion and recommendations of the research. Thats why it is of great significance to understand these features in order to move in harmonious manner and actions leading towards unambiguous investigation and making sure that researcher biasnesses are minimized (Flower, 2009, p 1). 2.1.1.1 Epistemological Choice â€Å"Epistemological issue concerns with the question of what or should be regarded as acceptable knowledge in a discipline†.(Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 16). Eriksson and Kovalainen describe epistemology as â€Å"what knowledge is and what are the sources and limits of knowledge† (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). It is important that the given piece of knowledge is studied in the relative manner. Epistemology is further divided into positivism, interpretivism and realism. Positivism: Positivism is the resultant of research in natural science where a hypothesis is tested that is derived from a prevailing theory. Positivism emphasizes that true and reliable knowledge is that which stands upon logic, practical experience and affirmative authentication. â€Å"The purpose of theory is to generate hypotheses that can be tested and that will be thereby allow explanations of laws to be assessed†(Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 16). Positivism is generally linked with quantitative research where one selects a theory and piece of knowledge, then collects data and interprets it and hence proves the hypothesis to be true or not. â€Å"The researcher seeking to adopt a decided positivist stance exercises choice of the study, the research objective to pursue and the data to be collected† (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 114). It is believed that the positivist researcher will use structured methodology with the aim of producing replicability. Interpretivism Interpretivism is a stance contrary to positivism and is also known as anti-positivism. Philosophers of social science believe that subject matter of a research in a social science that is undertaken upon some individuals and personals or institutions are different from that of the natural science (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 17). According to Saunders et al., (2009) phenomenology and symbolic interactionism are the two intellectual traditions that interpretivism comes from. â€Å"Phenomenology refers to way in which we as humans make sense of the world around us. In symbolic interactionism we are in continual process of interpreting the social world around us in that we interpret the actions of others with whom we interact and this interpretation leads adjustment of our own meaning and actions† (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 116). Realism: Realism is another branch of epistemology that is similar in nature to positivism. According to this philosophic position reality does exist independently of the human realization. There are two main types of realism. Bryman Bell, 2007 named them empirical realism and critical realism. Whereas Saunders et al., 2009 name them as direct realism and critical realism. Main difference among critical and direct realism is that critical realism claims that our knowledge is developed in two phases. Firts there is an object and substance we see and experience trough our senses and in second phase process goes on after the senses receive the sensations. Whereas direct realism claims first phase is enough and what we see is what we get (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 117). In epistemological consideration of our research we take the positivist position. The reason behind selection of positivist stance is what we studied in the literature we develop a hypothesis on the basis of prevailing theories and in our empirical findings we will test this hypothesis for acceptation or rejection. What we are going to study is the usefulness of banks internal evaluation model (CAMELS) with respect to external credit rating models such as PACRA and Moodys. Another reason behind selection of this stance is the use of secondary data and positivism is usually linked with researches that are quantitative in nature such as statistical tools and figures. 2.1.1.2 Ontology: This pillar of the research paradigm deals with the nature of social entities and realities. This raises the question of â€Å"whether social entities can and should be considered objective entities that have reality external to the social factors, or whether they can and should be considered social construction build up from the perception and actions of the social actors† (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 17). Above we discussed two aspects of ontology, are known as objectivism and constructivism respectively. In ontological consideration, our research thesis is objectivist in nature. For empirical finding of our thesis we will use statistical tools such as financial ratios. The result provided by these ratios will be rated on the scale of 1 to 5 based on the issued ranking system of CAMELS rating model. Then we will compare the result provided by CAMELS rating model with the issued ratings of PACRA rating agency of the same period of time. So it is obvious from our choice of ontological consideration that the research will be free from every sort of biasness of the authors. 2.1.2 Research Approach: At this stage of a research one has to decide on the basis of chosen theory thats is either learnt or contained in the literature that he/she will follow a deductive approach or inductive approach. In deductive approach one develops a hypothesis from the theory and devises research strategy to test the hypothesis to accept or reject it. Whereas in inductive approach one has to collect data, analyze it and develop theory based on the result of analyzed data (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 124). 2.1.2.1 Deductive approach: This approach represents characteristics of the correlation among theory and research. On the basis of gained knowledge that may be inferred from the theoretical reflection about the research field, one assumes a hypothesis that will be observed in empirical analysis (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 14). According to Robson (2002, cited in Saunders et al., 2009, p. 124) deductive research goes through 5 steps. First develop a hypothesis from a theory, second express the hypothesis in operational terms, third is hypothesis testing, fourth analyzes the particular result of the inquiry and in the fifth and final stage verifies or modifies the theory on base of your findings. Collection of quantitative data is an important characteristic of deductive approach although it may use qualitative data some times. In deductive approach highly structured methodology is implemented to assist replication to guarantee reliability. Generalization is another important characteristic of deductive approach (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 124-125). 2.1.2.1 Inductive approach: In inductive approach theory is developed on the basis of research observations. Researchers in inductive approach are predominantly concerned with the events that are actually taking place and deal with the small sample as against the large number in deductive approach. Researchers most likely use qualitative data in this approach. Structure of the research in inductive approach is more flexible as less generalized as compared to highly structured methodology and generalized characteristics of deductive approach (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 126-127). In our research we will use deductive approach and not the inductive approach. The primary reason behind selection of this approach is correlation among the theory and hypothesis. On the basis of studied literature and constructed theoretical frame work we have derived a hypothesis. Our thesis findings will lead us towards the acceptation or rejection of hypothesis which is superiority of banks internal evaluation models with respect to external rating agencies models. As we know that deductive approach is highly structured methodology so our thesis will follow the predefined structure.. 2.1.3 Research strategy: According to Bryman Bell, 2007 â€Å"by research strategy, we simply mean a general orientation to the conduct of business research†. Two separate clusters of research strategy are qualitative and quantitative research. Both quantitative and qualitative researches are different from each other not only on the basis of quantification and measurement of the result but also on the basis of epistemological and ontological foundations (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 28). 2.1.3.1 Quantitative research: Quantitative research is mostly used in deductive approach where the aim of the study is to test a hypothesis for proving a theory. In quantitative research analysis of the result is mostly in numbers and quantify. Another characteristic of quantitative research is size of the sample is very large. Quantitative research is subject to a very low level of biasness in the interpretation from the researchers as statistical tools are used for analysis of the results. Quantitative research is more generalizable. Quantitative research is more positivist in nature when it comes to epistemological orientation. While in ontological orientation quantitative research is objectivist in nature (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 28). According to Bryman Bell, 2007 quantitative research have 11 steps. Steps mentioned by them in their book Business research methodsare as follow 1st Theory, 2nd Hypothesis, 3rd Research design, 4th Devise measures of concepts, 5th select research site, 6th select research subjec t / respondent, 7th administer research instruments / collect data, 8th Process data, 9th Analyze data, 10th finding and conclusion and 11th is write up findings and conclusions. Fig 2.2 Based on the idea from Bryman Bell, 2007 the process of quantitative research. 2.1.3.2 Qualitative research Qualitative research is the contrast of the quantitative research in almost every aspect. Qualitative method is mostly used in inductive research where emphasis is on the generation of a theory that is based upon research observation. Analysis of the qualitative research is based upon the words and statements and mostly in textual form. Qualitative research is more interpretivist in nature when it comes to epistemological orientation. While in ontological orientation qualitative research is constructivist in nature. Size of the sample in qualitative research is small. Researcher in the qualitative research requires special skills for the interpretations of the results. Contrary to quantitative research, qualitative research is less generalizable and very low level of replicability. (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 28). Below is differentiation chart of quantitative and qualitative research based on different research aspects. Research Aspect Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Scientific Method Deductive Inductive Nature of reality Objectivist Constructivist Research objective Description, explanation and prediction Description, exploratory and discovery Nature of observation Narrow angle focus lens Wide angle focus lens Form of data Quantitative data Qualitative data Sample Size Large sample Small sample Data analysis Statistical tools Search for patterns, themes and holistic features Results General findings Particular findings Conclusion Statistical report Narrative report Self made chart based on the studied books and articles. In our research thesis we will use quantitative research strategy instead of qualitative research. Selection of quantitative research strategy is based upon number of arguments other than presentation of result in numerics and figures. As in epistemology consideration our research is positivist in nature and in ontological consideration we has opted the stance of objectivist, this is another reason for our selection of quantitative research. Our research is basically concerned with numbers and use of statistical tools to measure and analyze these numbers and figures. We have selected deductive approach which is usually related with quantitative research strategy and we argued about its selection in previous section. So keeping in mind our research question and objective we selected this strategy that will be appropriate and will guide us though out our research process. 2.1.4 Nature of Research The relationship between events or factors is often described, examine, and explain by the researchers. The research can either be descriptive, explanatory, exploratory or predictive nature. Nature of the research totally depends on research question. In descriptive research the researcher tries to identify or describe the events. For example in descriptive research if the question is â€Å"What is the present or past state of events?† for this the researcher selects the representative sampling of the people. Whereas explanatory research is for events to be explain by the researcher and look for fundamental reasons. Explanatory research is also referred to interpretive research. For example the researcher conducts explanatory research if they ask â€Å"Why have these events happened in the manner they did?†Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Or â€Å"What are the implications of these events occurring as they have? (Rubin et al, 2010, 198)†. Exploratory research is a type of research when researcher is unable to find any or very few prior studies about the research question. Exploratory study aspire researcher to look for the ideas, Patterns, or hypothesis, instead of testing or verifying a theory. In exploratory research typical techniques are used here researcher comprises observation, case studies, and previous studies. In this type of research the researcher uses both qualitative and quantitative data. Exploratory research totally focuses on achieving the imminent and acquaintance with the subject area to examine at later stage (Collis Hussey, 2009, p. 6). Predictive research advances one step further than explanatory research. Aim of the study is to create justification for what is happening in particular circumstances. Predictive researchis concerned with the anticipation of a possibility of some occurrence. Aim of predictive research is to generalize the investigation by forecasting some phenomena on the foundation of hypothesized, general relationships. Henc e we can say that solution provided by a predictive research in a particular situation can be applicable to some other problems of similar nature, provided that the solution is valid (Collis Hussey, 2009, p. 6). Nature of our research is exploratory in nature as we didnt find any previous research work on the same research problem. There are some articles and thesis that reflects the usage of camels rating model framework on any particular or limited number of banks. As in our research we will try to investigate the superiority of banks internal rating models with respect to external credit rating agencies, we found no research work in this particular field. Our research will open a new window of research in the field of banking rating systems. 2.1.5 Time horizon of research: Time horizon of research plays a very significant role for both authors of the research and readers of the research. From researchers point of view it is important to understand that what type and quality of data they are collecting for the research and how easily it can be collected. Some time it is very difficult and time consuming to collect the data spread over long period of time. From readers point of view time horizon of the research is of great importance as it shows credibility and quality of the research observations. According to Sunders et al. 2009 time horizon of the research can be divided into two types; cross-sectional research and longitudinal research (Saunders et al.2009, p. 155). 2.1.5.1 Longitudinal study Longitudinal study is such type of a research in which same sample of population is observed over a longer period of time. Longitudinal research is a type of observational research in which the subjects are observed without manipulations and hence can be argued that it has less potential to detect cause and effects relationships of variables as do by the experimental studies. In longitudinal research, researchers have the opportunity to observe changes and improvement that took place over the period of time (Lindborg Ohlsson, 2009, p. 15). 2.1.5.2 Cross-sectional study Cross-sectional research is a study of sample observations or of a population in which a researcher makes her/his study and get result for a short period of time or on a single occasion. From the population researcher takes sample and within that sample he/she distribute the variables, and sometime the variables which are predict and designated on the bases of reasonable information which he/she gets from other sources. Descriptive and exploratory studies are frequently cross-sectional. For example a single survey of a country to describe the population of the specific country at a given time. Cross-sectional study is also very close to explanatory studies. A researcher conducts a survey on national base to examine the nation problem at a given time (Hulley et al, 2007, p.109).   Keeping in mind above arguments about longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, we can easily say that our research is a cross-sectional study. As in our thesis we will manipulate one year annual financial reports for the year ended on 31st Dec 2010, and all 17 banks belongs from Pakistan. It would be of great significance to use annual reports of more than only year but the problem is at the same time we need to collect published credit ratings of banks for the same year and that was very difficult to collets as most banks do not keep their old records of ratings. As we discussed above that cross-sectional studies are mostly exploratory or descriptive in nature and our research is also exploratory in nature. 2.2 Practical Methodology: Selection of the research topic: Both authors of the thesis come from Islamic Republic of Pakistan where banking industry is on the boom despite of the general economic turmoil. As far as our educational background is concerned, one of the authors has done of BBA (Hons) with major in Finance and second author has done MBA with major in Finance, in which we studied several courses about banking and finance. This was the point where our interest was developed in the field of banking. Now being the students of Master in Finance, keeping in view our future professional careers in the field of banking and finance, we choose this research topic. As our research is focusing on CAMELS rating model that takes into account 6 important component of banking industry, it will give us better understanding and knowledge about performance of banking industry particularly in Pakistan. Another reason behind selection of this research topic is our personal curiosity about the ratings of the banks particularly in Pakistan. Preconception: Preconception about the research topic is quite important as it develops interest of the researcher and involves him neutrally in the topic. Both authors of the thesis worked as an internee in conventional bank in Pakistan after completion of their studies and have gained some practical experience of banking. In our practical experiences we observed that not all of above but some of these factors that are addressed in ratings models are of great importance for better performance of the banks. Perspective: Perspective provides point of view about the chosen field of study from several angles with different aspects, providing a pool of options from which the most suitable one is to be selected while keeping in mind your research question and purpose. Our thesis is based upon the superiority of CAMELS rating model results with respect to external rating agencies; we will be looking at it from internal point of view of the banks and their regulatory authorities. But it readers can also be external users such as rating agencies and will be useful for them as well. Data Collection Method: For any type of research study data collection is an important aspect. Data is the source from where researchers can get relevant information to answer the research questions. To gather applicable information researchers use primary and secondary data as a sources. Primary data is collected or perceived straight from the first time experience. Or we can say that data collected for the first time particularly for this research problem. The sources contained in primary data are questionnaires, observations, social surveys, experiments and interviews. On the other hand secondary data is published and the data collected by someone else in the past. We use the published and collected data by someone else to solve our problems but the problem might be different from others. The sources from which we can collect secondary data are articles, books, journals, and web-based data (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2005, p. 91-102). Theoretical framework of our study that is based upon secondary data, we read all relevant literature to our study that gave us full knowledge and beneficial understanding of our research questions. On the basis of this further study should be conducted. Findings of our research are totally dependent upon secondary. Findings of our research are complex in nature but our secondary data will help us to achieve this objective. The electronic search engine is the main source in our study we used Umeà ¥ University electronic library, Google search, electronic books; we also use printed materials like books. Literature studied: Access to the relevant and authentic literature for a researcher is of great importance. It provides basis for the researcher to build upon the theoretical frame work of a chosen field of study and research design (Brayman Bell, 2007, p. 94). In the beginning of our research we studied some articles regarding the financial crises caused by the collapse of leading financial institutions of that time and banking industry of Pakistan afterwards we collected some articles and books through university archives database and internet search about research methods to construct research methodology chapter of our thesis and to guide us throughout our thesis. Articles are mostly collected from journals of Banking and Finance, journal of international banking regulation and the review of financial studies accessed through university provided logins on its database. It is a difficult task to gather relevant articles as one comes across so many articles that look relevant but they are not in rea l. We also studied some online books that are available via different websites such as www.book.google.com. We also gathered some material such as brochures and working papers about the procedures and methods used for ratings of financial institutions form rating agencies websites including SPs, PACRA, and regulatory authorities such as Basel and SBoP. The collected materials provide us better understanding and capabilities to work in the field rating systems.   Sampling: Sample is a subset of whole population that is selected to represent the population in any specific research to perform statistical inferences and to make judgments about the whole population on the basis of selected sample. For researchers it is very important to select appropriate sample from population to make inferences. There are two primary reasons why researchers select a sample for their research instead of studying the whole population, 1st it is very costly and 2nd is the time limitation for a research. According to Bryman Bell, sample is a fragment of population chosen for examination or research. Talking in a broader sense there are basically two types of sampling approaches: Probability and non probability approach (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 182). Probability sampling is an approach in which each and every unit of population has equal chance of being selected in the sample and their probability of selection is greater than â€Å"0†. This is the most suitable approach that eliminates bias in sample selection and reduces sampling error. Simple random sampling, systematic or interval random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling are some types of probability sampling (Brayman Bell, 2007, p. 182). Whereas on the other side non probability sampling is an approach in which probability of selection of elements is not known or some elements of the population have no chance to be selected as a sample. Referral (Snow ball) sample, quota sample, criteria sample, homogeneous sample, critical sample and matched sample are the types of non-probability sampling. Referral sampling method is also knows as snow ball sampling. This type of sampling procedure is used when it is difficult to find subjects or samples for the research. In this type of a research sample we cannot identify our sample in advance and important consideration is to find initial subjects and informants. From initial subjects we can ask to identify further subjects for our research sample and the process continues to go on like a snow ball (Swisher, 2010, p.1). In Quota samplingpopulation is first divided into subgroups based on some criteria and then subjects are selected as a sample from each group. Quota sampling can be further divided in two sub groups known as proportional and non proportional quota sampling. In proportional quota sampling, sample of every sub group of population is represented by its proportional weight age of the population. Where as in non proportional quota sampling a limit of minimum numbers of sample subjects are set as a standard and are not nec essary to represent its proportion in the population. It only has to justify that the chosen sample is able enough to represent a small group in a population. Heterogeneity sampling is a procedure when we select sample for our research that will represent every group of thought or variables of the population, on the other hand Homogeneous sampling is a procedure of sampling when we want to study about some specific factors or variables and their effect on the outcome that represent the population (Trochin, William, 2006).   Criteria sampling is a procedure to select sample from the population that is based upon some specified and thoughtful criteria. Criteria set by the researchers fulfilled by any subject that represents the population should be included in the sample and any subject fail to meet the criteria is not included in sample that will represent the population (Swisher, 2010, p.4). To make a sample for our research we have selected criteria sampling method. As we are working on the CAMELS rating model and its replicability to the results of the external credit rating agencies published ratings, so for that we have to work upon banks annual financial reports. Our criteria for the banks to be included as a sample is the availability of their audited annual financial reports for the year ended 31st Dec 2010. Total population of number of banks operating in Pakistan is 38. Out of 38 banks 5 banks are Islamic commercial banks and operating on Sharia standards that is to great extent different from commercial banks system. CAMELS rating model is designed for conventional banks and its applicability on Islamic banks is argued by several authors but contradicted by others. So for this particular reason we did not include Islamic banks in our sample. There are 6 foreign banks operating with in Pakistan as subsidiaries of other multinational banks, and these banks prepar e their annual financial reports and submit it in their Head offices that further add up in their consolidate annul reports. So there were some complications in collection of their annual reports and its interpretation. Because of this reason we did not include these foreign banks as our sample for our thesis. Further on searching for the annual audited financial reports of the banks, we find out that till date 10 banks did not published or announced their annual financial reports. As these banks did not meet with the predefined criteria of availability of their annual financial reports, they are also excluded and are not part of our sample. At the end we are left behind with 17 banks and their audited annual financial reports, so our sample includes 17 commercial banks from Pakistan.

The Ontological Argument Essay -- social issues

The Ontological Argument The Ontological argument is a group of different philosophers arguments for the existence of God. "Ontological" literally means talking about being and so in this case, that being is the existence or being of God. The main component of the Ontological argument can be found in the Anselm’s "Proslogion" which is a short work that tries to demonstrate both the existence and the nature of God. His main aim in writing the Proslogion is not to directly prove the existence of God but to moreover, to show the relationship between faith and reason. Anselm wanted to understand the object of the belief. He is also not trying to defend his belief against the atheist and neither is he trying to convince the atheist that God exists. The ontological argument differs from other arguments in favour of God as it is an ‘a priori’ deductive argument, a priori meaning that can come to a conclusion by the use of reason and not proof. A deductive argument means that if the premises that are put into the argument are true, then the conclusion must be true. Thus, Anselm tends to base his argument on the definitions and terminology used. Anselm’s first form of the argument is that God is "that than which none greater can be conceived". Firstly, it must be emphasised that Anselm’s definition does not limit God to being the "greatest" but makes it known that nothing greater can be thought than God himself. Therefore, God should not in any way be linked to terms such as ‘omnipotent’ as terminology such as this limit him to what he really is. With this definition, he attempts to prove that not only does God exist in the mind but also in reality. Anselm uses the example of "the fool" to prove his point on God’s existence. He says that when "the fool" says that "There is no God" in Psalms, he must therefore understand what he hears , and what he understands in his intellect by the term "God". Therefore, if he knows what God is, God must exist as it is impossible to know what something is if it does not exist. In chapter three in the ‘Proslogion’, Anselm contributes his second form to the argument. This form of the argument is that of ‘necessary existence’. He says that "that than which can be thought not to exist is not as great as that which cannot be thought not to exist." Therefore, to say that God can be thought not to exist if the definition of God... ...elm’s first form of the argument and indirectly also demolishes the argument on the ‘necessary existence’ though his criticism. He criticises and successfully attacks the Cartesian version that in order for there to be a ‘supreme being’, existence must be predicate of God (the supreme being). Norman Malcolm then tried to save this argument by coming up with an argument which Davis seems to have demolished successfully. Although the argument does not seem to remain too strong in the light of these responses, we can say that although Anselm failed to show ‘the fool’ that God existed, he by acquiring more knowledge and understanding about the Christian beliefs seems to fortify his faith as a believer. Anselm’s second form of the argument seems has kept philosophers interested and fascinated with it throughout time. The very fact that philosophers such as Descartes, Kant, Malcolm have been intrigued by the ontological argument strongly shows that it is a very important and complex argument which is in favour of the existence of God. Although a final and ultimate answer to the question of God’s existence has yet to be attained, it is still considered to be a remarkable argument.

Is There Too Much Sex on T.V?

Is there too much explicit sex on T. V? Over the past century, television has changed quite alot. Contents that was once seen as being inappropriate and outrageous, is now on everyday television. Recently, sex has become the main focus on our television screens. Many people think it is bad for young people’s health but others may say it is an appropriate way of advertising and attracting viewers and readers. Sexual scenes and images can lead people to a very wrong conclusion of how they should look and act. Television producers claim that what they are broadcasting is appropriate but many young people do end up watching women and men who all have perfect bodies. Body image is a major issue in the UK and according to a survey from 2008, 44% of women express negative feelings about both individual body parts and their bodies as a whole. If this is an adult’s view of their body, then the images in the media are affecting girls and even boys from our own generation on a much higher level, leaving many young people with very low self-esteem and lack of confidence. Reasons to support the views that there is too much explicit sex on TV is that some people feel that sex on television has become acceptable and is being broadcasted in ‘soaps' and other programs during the day. Carolyn Teasley, a journalist said, â€Å"Soap operas have bored me recently, it was becoming harder to tell who had slept with whom anyway. † This quote shows that some people have became bored and lost interest in programs because they no longer care about an interesting story, or plot, only the advertisement of sex. Sex on TV can also influence children in a huge way, many teenagers have admitted to having underage sex because they have felt pressured from the television and the programmess that they watch. However, in the programmes, the teenagers do not see the dangers and consequences of sex. They only see a directors perception of an interesting scene. This can cause underage people to get sexually transmitted diseases and also underage pregnancy. Some people find sex or even the implementation of sex quite boring and not very interesting, they also don't see it as it being an important part of relationship between two people who truly love each other. Some choose to change the channel when there is a scene of a male and female undressing. Most people say that they would rather read an interesting story than see sex displayed on television. Most couples have admitted to feeling insecure when watching sex on television because the actors have perfect bodies and look a certain way and they do not. Adding to this most people, especially elderly people can feel uncomfortable watching sex scenes on television. On the other hand, some people feel that sex on television isn't as bad as some people make it out to be. For example some people feel that sex on TV can benefit children. The UK has one of the worst teenage pregnancy rates in the developed world, simply because children are not being taught enough at school about sex. A channel 4 programme called â€Å"the sex education show† teaches children about sex in an appropriate manor, also the show is shown at later hours so no young children can see. Another point that can be made is that most parents complain and say there is too much sex on TV and their young child is exposed to the sexual behavior on the TV. However, sky and some freeview boxes have a parental control with a pin code to view only certain channels and it is up to the parent which programmes their child can watch, if they chose to let their child watch a programme of a sexual nature, then they have no right to comment and say it is not appropriate because the child has been given its parents discretion. Another advantage is the income that is made from these programmes and movies. Most programmes that have high ratings are of a sexual nature. Statistics show that more people watch shows with sexual content such as ‘Friends', ‘two and a half men' and ‘scrubs'. A leading journalist for the guardian said â€Å"As time goes by television broadens its horizons and opens up new doors. Television draws in audiences by portraying what's on people's minds and what's going on around them. People will continue to be attracted to money and sex on television,† Although many people think sex on TV is bad, the majority of people agree that is it also a good thing. To conclude, my opinion on the amount of sex on TV is acceptable. I feel that programmes of a sexual nature are shown at an appropriate time. I also feel that sex on TV does help educate young children, because young children can make up insane rumours about things involving sex and seeing the truth on TV can reasure the child of what is right and wrong. In addition I think it is the responsibility of the parent to decide what they are allowing their children to be exposed to, they shouldnt let their child watch the programme if they do not think it is suitable or appropriate for their age.

Cuánto es la cuota por solicitar la visa americana

Cunto es la cuota por solicitar la visa americana Al solicitar una  visa  americana no inmigrante  se debe pagar una cuota, conocida en algunos paà ­ses como arancel, al inicio de los trmites. Este dinero no se recupera si la visa es negada. En este artà ­culo se lista la cuota a pagar segà ºn el tipo de visa,  los 3 casos en los que se dispensa del cobro de la cuota. Adems, como saber por cunto tiempo dan la validez de la visa segà ºn el paà ­s en el que se aplica. Monto de la cuota de las visas americanas Segà ºn el tipo de visados, la cantidad a pagar es la siguiente: A, para diplomticos: gratuitaB1, B2, B1/B2, de negocios, turista, o combinada de ambas, tratamiento mà ©dico: $160C1, de trnsito: $160D, tripulacià ³n de barcos y aviones: $160E-1 y E-2 de inversià ³n: $205F, estudiantes acadà ©micos: $160G, para trabajar en organizaciones internacionales: gratuita H1-B para profesionales y H-2A y H2-B para trabajos temporales sin estudios: $190I, periodista, reportero: $160J, de intercambio: $160, excepto en el caso de programas culturales o educativos patrocinados por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. En estos casos la solicitud de la visa es gratuita.K, de novio de ciudadano americano: $265L, para transfers dentro de una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a multinacionalM, estudiantes vocaciones: $160NATO, para miembros de esa organizacià ³n militar: gratuitaO, de trabajo para personas con habilidades extraordinarias: $190P, para artistas, atletas y profesionales en un espectculo: $190Q, de intercambio cultural internacional: $190R, para religiosos: $190 Tarjeta de cruce, tambià ©n conocida como visa lser: $160, excepto para los menores de 15 aà ±os que aplican con un progenitor o guardin o à ©ste ya la tiene. En estos casos: $16 TN, de trabajo temporal para profesionales mexicanos: $160T, para và ­ctimas de trfico humano: $160U, para và ­ctimas de violencia: $160 En el caso de turistas o personas de negocios con un pasaporte de un paà ­s incluido en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados deben pagar la cuota de la ESTA si llegan a Estados Unidos por avià ³n. En la actualidad el costo es de $14 si es aprobada. Si es denegada se pagan $4 en concepto de trmites. La visas no inmigrante pueden ser negadas por muchas causas que son clasificadas en dos grandes categorà ­as. En primer lugar, las que convierten al solicitante en inelegible para la visa. Y, en segundo lugar, las que lo convierten en inadmisible para ingresar en Estados Unidos. Si la visa es negada por una o varias causas, el costo pagado por la cuota de la visa no se recupera.   3 casos de dispensa del pago de la cuota de la visa americana Las leyes migratorias establecen que se puede dispensar del pago de la tarifa en cualquiera de las situaciones siguientes: En primer lugar, cuando el viaje a los Estados Unidos tiene como fin brindar un servicio caritativo. En segundo lugar cuando son empleados del gobierno americano y viajan por razà ³n de su trabajo. Y, en tercer lugar cuando se trate de familiares de un empleado del gobierno y que fallecià ³ o fue herido en combate o en su trabajo cuando se desea ingresar a Estados Unidos para asistir al funeral o para visitarle en el hospital. Cuotas adicionales por tratados de reciprocidad y plazos validez Una vez que la visa ha sido aprobada, los ciudadanos de determinados paà ­ses deben abonar un cargo adicional por algunos tipos de visado. Esto se debe a que Estados Unidos aplica el principio de reciprocidad y, si a un ciudadano estadounidense le cobran por una visa similar una cantidad superior a la que carga EEUU, entonces habr ese cargo adicional. Por ejemplo, por una visa H-1B para profesionales o modelos, un argentino pagar la cuota estndar d de $190 pero un brasileà ±o deber abonar a mayores otros $100. El Departamento de Estado en su pgina de internet publica un listado de la reciprocidad por paà ­ses. Se llama country reciprocity Schedule y para consultarlo basta con hacer click en seleccionar y buscar el paà ­s de la nacionalidad del solicitante de la visa (no su paà ­s de residencia). Esta lista de reciprocidad tambià ©n se utiliza para ver quà © paà ­ses tiene como plazos de validez de las visas un programa diferente al estndar. Asà ­, mientras que para los estudiantes cubanos la visa F-1 se concede por tres meses y sà ³lo una entrada a Estados Unidos, para los mexicanos la misma visa tiene un periodo de validez de 48 meses y posibilidad de mà ºltiples entradas a EEUU. Es muy importante tener claro que el plazo de validez de la visa es una cosa muy distinta al plazo mximo de estancia permitida. No se pueden confundir ya que las consecuencias son muy serias. Cà ³mo evitar problemas con las visas no inmigrantes Lo principal es seguir escrupulosamente las reglas de cada visa y abstenerse de hacer cosas que no estn permitidas. En el caso de las visas de turista, llamadas de placer o paseo en algunos paà ­ses, es muy importante saber que ingresar con demasiada frecuencia puede ser causa de problemas. Y en todas las visas mencionadas el quedarse ms tiempo del permitido va a dar lugar a su cancelacià ³n. Por lo que antes de tomar decisiones que parecen que no son serias es muy conveniente informarse debidamente.   Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Third Man (1949) Essays

The Third Man (1949) Essays The Third Man (1949) Paper The Third Man (1949) Paper Essay Topic: Film In this film extract analysis I will be looking at Carol Reeds The Third Man. I will be looking at certain points and aspects of studding this opening extract and I have split this essay up into sections discussing different aspects of the extract and I will compare and contrast throughout. The first thing that strikes me about this film is the opening narration by a happy friendly voice immediately letting the audience feel at ease and comfortable before settling into watching the film, the narrator starts by talking about how he never knew Vienna before the war and that he only got to know it during the period where the classic black market was apparent. By the narrator talking about this before going on to tell us the story he has already made a link with the audience. Then the narrator goes on to describe the situation and why Holly Martins (Joseph Cotton) is arriving in Vienna. That is all the narrator does in the extract but it is a very important part in creating meaning in the film because in the first couple of minutes he has made a connection with the audience making them feel at ease and has explained a part of the situation that we have not seen (Martins leaving and coming to Vienna). The narrator can tell the story from his point of view or from the view of another character, in this film he is talking from his point of view almost like an audience member. This narration reminds me of the narration in The Big Lebowski (1998) where the narrator has an outside view and talks about the situation at hand. The film has a Classic Narrative Structure because it follows a set of rules, it confines to the three act structure I have included a picture which shows a brief example of the three act structure. The film develops over a 3 act structure by firstly setting up an Inciting Incident (Limes fake death) then the film moves on to plot point one, (Martins meeting Limes wife) following that it moves onto act two and reaches the midpoint. Plot point two (where Martins sees Lime alive) then moves onto act three where the climax of the film is reached (where Lime is killed for real) the film has then passed though all the three act structure. 2Mise en scà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ne are widely used throughout the film but I will just talk about it during the extract that we are analyzing, the extract starts with lots of shots of the city Vienna and the different zones created by the war so the shots of the city are already creating meaning toward the situation that the city is in. Then regarding set design Martins goes looking for lime and finding out that he is dead Martins is in a very old fashioned house where you can see a person changing the candle lights and you can tell that the house is very elaborate conveying to the audience that the house and whoever owns the house is relatively well off. 3The use of rear projection in films is a way to film in an exotic location and keep stars from traveling and its more economical. In this film there is a scene where there is a rear projector in use, this sometimes is used to create meaning in films and in others it is just used to save money and in this film the use of real action shots isnt really required. It doesnt really create meaning but is used to supplement the films use of mise en scene. Martins then goes to the funeral following the bar scene, in the bar scene I noticed that the camera angles have been tilted maybe trying to create a meaning of the state of the mind of both Martins and Calloway being inebriated. Also I think that the locations are used to dramatic effect in the way all the locations seem to be very dressed up and none of the sets look very lived in and the feeling that they give to me is of a nice set that was created and not an actual place that was used. The interiors in the extract for example the bar is quite grand like the house the design of the walls and interior features also convey to the audience the part of town they are in is a rich part of town. When the camera angle changes and tilts the audience can see behind Holly that the bar is very nice and stylish. Also in this bar you can see the sort of punters that it attracts when Holly starts to kick off and the officer grabs him, portraying to the audience that even the nicest bars usual punters are affected by the war. The war effort is apparent and you can tell that the war is massively affecting the story because when Martins and Calloway go for their drink together and they fall out because of the comments Calloway make about Lime the officer steps in almost right away. Plus the officer is kind of a contradictory character because as soon as he finds out that Martins is a famous author his attitude towards him change right away. 4One of this films main characteristic is that it is film noir. It is typical of films from the forties and fifties to have film noir as one of its main features of those films and The Third Man is no exception with its low key lighting and shadows. In the extract the use of film noir is apparent when we get to the scene when Martins goes to find Lime and he is at the bottom of the stairs talking to the German man his shadow is massive and it makes it apparent that Martins is below and the light is coming from above where the German man is changing the lighting. Here is another example from the film where the lighting and camera angle is shot from above, in this particular moment it is trying to make the officer look bigger and more of an authoritative figure. This is a screen shot that I have taken from the bar scene where I noticed the use of the Venetian blind effect that is so typical of the film noir period. This in particular creates meaning in that you can tell the time of day it is and maybe the way that the effect is used would lead the viewer to think that something dark or mysterious would happen. Lighting in the extract that we are studding is used to dramatic effect in certain scenes with the use of shadows to create meaning to the audience. Some noticeable parts where lighting is used very well are in the very beginning in the bar scene where they are sat drinking and the use of three point lighting is apparent because the back is light and both of the characters are light with key lighting. The use of this three point lighting makes a contrast between the subject that is being filmed and the background giving it a more three dimensional effect. Now talking about sound in the extract, I am going to start by talking about the non diegetic sound that is used. This in its first instance would be the sound of the opening music of the guitar. This music is played for quite a while into the beginning and even after the narrator has stopped talking you can still hear the music in the background, I think that this music is played as a complement to the narrator because it is relaxed and it makes the beginning introduction easier to listen to. The use of diegetic sound in this film much like in the film Written on the Wind (1956) is used to create suspense in the situation like in Written on the Wind you can hear the door slam open and the wind blowing in, in the scene where Kyle Hadley comes back. The use of this sound creates a sense of drama and suspense. In our extract you have the beginning where Martins gets off the train and you hear the train steam let go and gets ready to enter the city. Creating lots of meanings for example the use of steam could be interpreted as him letting go of his past and starting a fresh. I have noticed that the use of smoke in this extract may convey different meanings as a part of mise en scene Calloway smokes in the bar creating massive clouds of smoke creating shadows complementing the film noir theme. In conclusion I have noticed that this extract is a piece of cinema that uses film noir to create lots of meanings to the audience and does so well. All the uses of mise en scene and cinematography complement this story and have created a very easy well made film to watch for all of its audiences.

Whites of West Virginia term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Whites of West Virginia - Term Paper Example This crime can be explained through various criminology theories; strain theory and genetics theory are two which will be discussed in this paper. Drug possession, trafficking, and distribution are crimes which include the possession, selling, importing, or transportation of any illegal control substance. For drug possession, the offender must have physical control of the drugs. Drug trafficking can be done by an individual or a group of people but the punishment depends on various factors such as the location, type of drugs, people involved, and amount of drugs trafficked. These offenses come under criminal charges and can result in heavy levels of punishment. It is difficult to ever know clearly what the reason behind a crime being committed was. Criminology gives several theories which help in determining the reasoning of crimes. Two of those theories will be covered which the strain theory by Robert K Merton and the genetic theory which focuses on ‘nature vs. nurture’. The strain theory suggests that ‘no legitimate means, substitute illegitimate means’. The genetic theory suggests that acting criminally is in a person’s DNA, maybe because they are born in a life of crime. The reasons why individuals commit crimes in Merton’s strain theory are because they have a lack of opportunity, deviance, and a need to accomplish the ‘American Dream’ (Samaha, 2005). The causes of crime according to the biological theory of genetics are faulty genes, lack of moral development, and a limited rationality. In Merton’s strain theory, the lack of equal opportunity and no legitimate means are the major reasons for crime. Merton believed that the reason why a person is forced to commit a crime is that they don’t get equal opportunities. In order to eliminate crime, Merton believed that more equal opportunities must be provided. Practically it may be impossible to give an equal salary cap to everyone but the society must ensure

Egypt Revolution of 1919 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Egypt Revolution of 1919 - Essay Example British promised to evacuate Egypt but it did not materialize. Therefore, big chapter in Egypt’s foreign occupation and Britain’s global empire (Daly, 1988). Saad Zaghul formed the Egyptian delegation party known as â€Å"wafd†. This party started pressing nationalist cause. Tactics of civil disobedience was used by people to begin a huge movement of independence. Zaghlul and Wafd had gathered massive public support. Petition for full independence of Egypt was lodged. British could sense the rising support for Wafd leaders. British arrested Zaghlul and other main leaders of movement and exiled them to Malta. The ultimate outcome of all this was revolution in Egypt (Daly, 1988). The Egyptian revolution of 1919 compelled British government to recognize Egypt as independent state in 1922 and then ultimately implementation to new constitution took place in 1923. Causes Egypt came under British rule on December 14 1914. People were agitated against the British rule an d they got united in their discontent. During the war about 1.5 million Egyptians were recruited in the labor corps by British army. Main infrastructure of the country was seized for the army. Saad Zaghlul was founder of the Wafd party during World War 1. The party got fame just after the war setting the goal of ending British occupation. 14 points of Woodrow got fame and inspired nationalists. On November 11 1918, Zaghlul requested high commissioner Sir Reginald Wingate to permit Wafd activists for presenting Egypt’s demand for independence in London. Wafd party members were not allowed to visit London (Bisgaard-Church, 2011). Party kept sending messages to House of Commons but no response shown by British government. In March 1919, Zaghlul was arrested by the British with two other part leaders and then exiled them to Malta. This resulted in countrywide protests incorporating people from all walks of life against the British Occupation. Cairo and Alexandria witnessed the ma in strikes against British held by men, women, shop owners and tradesmen. Milner mission was sent by British to access the real political and diplomatic situation in Egypt but his visit was boycotted (Bisgaard-Church, 2011). Zaghlul returned to Egypt from exile on April 4 1921. Allenby was clear in his mind that Zaghlul is a British puppet and wants to create new independent Egypt as per British desires. Zaghlul was again exiled to Seychelles in December. Exile was responded by Egyptians by countrywide strikes and protests (Bisgaard-Church, 2011). Events Egyptian nationalists demanded independence from British after the World War 1 ended. Wafd was formed which demanded independence at Paris conference. 13 November 1918 was celebrated as day of struggle. Wafd party was formed by Saad Zaghlul. This party wanted to visit London for demanding independence of Egypt but it was denied. Zaghlul and other party members were arrested on 8 March 1918 and further sent to Malta. This resulted in mobilizing people countrywide marking the beginning of revolution. Basic road and railways infrastructure was destroyed (Zunes, 1999). Zaghlul’s wife initiated women participation in movement by protesting against British occupation with 300 ladies. Demonstration held at Abdin palace of about 1000 civil servants and students was peak of the revolution. British took stern action to bring down demonstration by killing 800 Egyptians. British sent Lord Milner in May 1919 for giving self-governance to